Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance

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1 Introduction

1 Introduction Overview
1.1 The Problem and the Need for Optimization
1.2 Intended Audience
1.3 Approaches to Optimizing an In Situ Remedy
1.4 Document Organization

2 Remedial Design Characterization

2 Remedial Design Characterization Overview
2.1 Cost Benefits of RDC
2.2 Characterization Parameters for Refining the CSM
2.3 RDC Considerations

3 Amendment, Dose, and Delivery Design

3 Amendment, Dose, and Delivery Design Overview
3.1 The Design Wheel and Optimization Process
3.2 Design Considerations
3.3 Design Support Elements
3.4 Amendment Selection Considerations
3.5 Amendment Dose Requirements
3.6 Amendment Delivery Optimization
3.7 Delivery Layout Design and Volume per Location
3.8 Delivery Strategies

4 Implementation and Feedback (Monitoring) Optimization

4 Implementation and Feedback (Monitoring) Optimization Overview
4.1 Pre-implementation Considerations
4.2 Adaptive Implementation and Feedback Optimization
4.3 Implementation and Optimization Staircase
4.4 Monitoring
4.5 Implementation Optimization
4.6 Transition and Contingency Planning

5 Regulatory Perspectives

5 Regulatory Perspectives Overview
5.1 Statutory Challenges
5.2 Traditional CERCLA Site Cleanup Process

6 Community and Tribal Stakeholder Considerations

6 Community and Tribal Stakeholder Considerations Overview
6.1 Background
6.2 Identifying Stakeholders
6.3 Stakeholder Concerns
6.4 Approach to Stakeholder Engagement
6.5 Communications

Additional Information

Appendix A. Amendments and Other Additives

Appendix A. Amendments and Other Additives Overview
A1 Common Biotic Amendments
A2 Abiotic Amendments
A3 Other additives

Appendix B. Commonly Encountered Issues with In situ Remediation

Appendix C. Characterization Parameters for In situ Treatment Remedies–Definitions and Descriptors for Table 2-2

Appendix C. Characterization Parameters for In situ Treatment Remedies–Definitions and Descriptors for Table 2-2 Overview
Physical Properties
Transport Properties
Aqueous Geochemistry
Degradation Potential

Appendix D. Injection Fact Sheets

Appendix D. Injection Fact Sheets Overview
D1 Direct Push Delivery Methods
D2 Injection Through Wells & Boreholes
D3 Electrokinetics Delivery Methods
D4 Solid Injection Principles
D5 Hydraulic Fracturing–Based Delivery Methods
D6 Pneumatic Fracturing–Based Delivery Methods
D7 Permeable Reactive Barrier Construction

Appendix E. Case Studies

Appendix E. Case Studies Overview
E-1. In Situ Biological and Chemical Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium and Perchlorate
E-2. Strontium-90 Apatite Permeable Reactive Barrier
E-3. Rapid Site Closure of a Large Gas Plant Using In Situ Bioremediation Technology in Low Permeability Soil and Fractured Rock
E-4. Performance of Injected Powdered and Liquid Activated Carbon at a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Site
E-5. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory—Annual Groundwater Report
E-6. Oxidant Surface Eruption During Direct Push Injection
E-7. TerraVac Under EPA’s Demonstration Program Conducted SVE in the Source Area
E-8. Unusual Dichloroethylene Isomerizations and External Nitrate Input to Help Decipher in Situ Pilot Test Outcomes
E-9. In Situ Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction at the Former Beaches Laundry & Cleaners
E-10. LNAPL Remediation Combining Mobile Dual Phase Extraction with Concurrent Injection of a Carbon-Based Amendment: Little Mountain Test Facility
E-11. Eastern Surplus Company Superfund Site, Southern Plume: Meddybemps
E-12. Hollingsworth Solderless
E-13. Former Industrial Site Characterization and Remediation in Fractured Rock
E-14. Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Site 11

Appendix F. Performance Evaluation & Optimization of In situ Remediation using Amendment Delivery

Appendix G. Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance

Acknowledgments

Team Contacts

Document Feedback

ITRC & Environmental Justice/Diversity Equity & Inclusion

Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance

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