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Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance

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1 Introduction
1 Introduction Overview
1.1 The Problem and the Need for Optimization
1.2 Intended Audience
1.3 Approaches to Optimizing an In Situ Remedy
1.4 Document Organization
2 Remedial Design Characterization
2 Remedial Design Characterization Overview
2.1 Cost Benefits of RDC
2.2 Characterization Parameters for Refining the CSM
2.3 RDC Considerations
3 Amendment, Dose, and Delivery Design
3 Amendment, Dose, and Delivery Design Overview
3.1 The Design Wheel and Optimization Process
3.2 Design Considerations
3.3 Design Support Elements
3.4 Amendment Selection Considerations
3.5 Amendment Dose Requirements
3.6 Amendment Delivery Optimization
3.7 Delivery Layout Design and Volume per Location
3.8 Delivery Strategies
4 Implementation and Feedback (Monitoring) Optimization
4 Implementation and Feedback (Monitoring) Optimization Overview
4.1 Pre-implementation Considerations
4.2 Adaptive Implementation and Feedback Optimization
4.3 Implementation and Optimization Staircase
4.4 Monitoring
4.5 Implementation Optimization
4.6 Transition and Contingency Planning
5 Regulatory Perspectives
5 Regulatory Perspectives Overview
5.1 Statutory Challenges
5.2 Traditional CERCLA Site Cleanup Process
6 Community and Tribal Stakeholder Considerations
6 Community and Tribal Stakeholder Considerations Overview
6.1 Background
6.2 Identifying Stakeholders
6.3 Stakeholder Concerns
6.4 Approach to Stakeholder Engagement
6.5 Communications
Additional Information
Appendix A. Amendments and Other Additives
Appendix A. Amendments and Other Additives Overview
A1 Common Biotic Amendments
A2 Abiotic Amendments
A3 Other additives
Appendix B. Commonly Encountered Issues with In situ Remediation
Appendix C. Characterization Parameters for In situ Treatment Remedies–Definitions and Descriptors for Table 2-2
Appendix C. Characterization Parameters for In situ Treatment Remedies–Definitions and Descriptors for Table 2-2 Overview
Physical Properties
Transport Properties
Aqueous Geochemistry
Degradation Potential
Appendix D. Injection Fact Sheets
Appendix D. Injection Fact Sheets Overview
D1 Direct Push Delivery Methods
D2 Injection Through Wells & Boreholes
D3 Electrokinetics Delivery Methods
D4 Solid Injection Principles
D5 Hydraulic Fracturing–Based Delivery Methods
D6 Pneumatic Fracturing–Based Delivery Methods
D7 Permeable Reactive Barrier Construction
Appendix E. Case Studies
Appendix E. Case Studies Overview
E-1. In Situ Biological and Chemical Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium and Perchlorate
E-2. Strontium-90 Apatite Permeable Reactive Barrier
E-3. Rapid Site Closure of a Large Gas Plant Using In Situ Bioremediation Technology in Low Permeability Soil and Fractured Rock
E-4. Performance of Injected Powdered and Liquid Activated Carbon at a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Site
E-5. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory—Annual Groundwater Report
E-6. Oxidant Surface Eruption During Direct Push Injection
E-7. TerraVac Under EPA’s Demonstration Program Conducted SVE in the Source Area
E-8. Unusual Dichloroethylene Isomerizations and External Nitrate Input to Help Decipher in Situ Pilot Test Outcomes
E-9. In Situ Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction at the Former Beaches Laundry & Cleaners
E-10. LNAPL Remediation Combining Mobile Dual Phase Extraction with Concurrent Injection of a Carbon-Based Amendment: Little Mountain Test Facility
E-11. Eastern Surplus Company Superfund Site, Southern Plume: Meddybemps
E-12. Hollingsworth Solderless
E-13. Former Industrial Site Characterization and Remediation in Fractured Rock
E-14. Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Site 11
Appendix F. Performance Evaluation & Optimization of In situ Remediation using Amendment Delivery
Appendix G. Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance
Glossary
References
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance
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Acknowledgments

The members of the Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC) Optimizing Injection Strategies and In Situ Remediation Team wish to acknowledge the individuals, organizations, and agencies that contributed to this Technical and Regulatory Web-based Guidance Document.

The Team recognizes the efforts and important contributions of the following state environmental personnel:

Team Leaders

  • David Scheer, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency*
  • Michael B Smith, Vermont Department of Environmental Protection
  • Janet Waldron, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection*

Members

  • Kimberly Caldwell, Vermont Department of Environmental Protection*
  • Doug Cantrell, Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation
  • Weiquan, Dong Nevada Division of Environmental Protection
  • Heide-Marie Dudek, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
  • Jorge Espinosa, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality*
  • Charles Graff, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality*
  • Wynn John, Utah Department of Environmental Quality
  • Undine Johnson, Georgia Environmental Protection Division*
  • Steven Lang, Missouri Department of Natural Resources*
  • John Mefford, Washington State Department of Ecology, Toxics Cleanup Program
  • John Menatti, Utah Department of Environmental Quality
  • Alexander MacDonald, California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Region*
  • Kristopher McCandless, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality*
  • Krishna Morrissette, Alabama Dept. of Environmental Management
  • Paula Panzino, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality*
  • Sherin Peter, Georgia Environmental Protection*
  • Craig Sanchez, California State Water Boards*
  • Thomas Seckington, California Department of Toxic Substances Control
  • Lanita Walker, City of Tallahassee*
  • Todd Wallbom, California Department of Toxic Substances Control*
  • Li Wang, California Department of Toxic Substances Control

The Team recognizes the efforts and valuable contributions of the following academic and stakeholder representatives:

  • Warren Barrash, Boise State University*
  • Mark Junker, Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri
  • Konstantinos Kostarelos, University of Houston*
  • Eric Nuttall, University of New Mexico

The Team recognizes the efforts and valuable contributions of the following consultants and industry representatives:

  • Jacob Barnes, AECOM
  • Eric Blodgett, Barr Engineering Co
  • Richard Boone, Ramboll*
  • Susanne Borchert, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc*
  • Keith Brodock, Integral Consulting Inc*
  • Dan Bryant, Woodard & Curran*
  • Maygan Cline, Geosyntec Consultants
  • Elizabeth Cohen, ERM*
  • Elliot Cooper, Cascade Environmental*
  • Thomas Cornuet, Ramboll
  • Lansana Coulibaly, Wood PLC
  • Richard Desrosiers, GZA GeoEnvironmental, Inc*
  • Jim Doherty, TRC
  • Paul Favara, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc
  • John Fontana, Vista GeoScience*
  • Jill Ghelerter, Wood PLC
  • Denise Good, GES, Inc*
  • Nathan Hagelin, Wood PLC
  • Holly Holbrook, AECOM
  • James Hutchens, Ramboll
  • Jennifer Kingston, Haley & Aldrich, Inc.*
  • Sheri Knox, Wood PLC*
  • Fritz Krembs, Trihydro Corporation*
  • Yasemin Kunukcu, TRC*
  • Bonani Langan, Wood PLC*
  • Brendan Lazar, TRC
  • Michael Lee, Terra Systems, Inc. *
  • Marlene Lindhardt, Wood PLC*
  • Tamzen Macbeth, CDM Smith*
  • Maureen McGraw, Tetra Tech, Inc.
  • Greg Mentel, Apex Companies, LLC
  • Kevin Murphy, Tetra Tech, Inc.
  • Jeremy Musson, Pinyon Environmental, Inc.
  • Denice Nelson, ERM*
  • Suzanne O’Hara, Geosyntec Consultants*
  • Jaydeep Parikh, ERM*
  • Carolyn Pitera, Apex Companies, LLC
  • KarnamRamanand, Brown and Caldwell
  • Heather Rectanus, Geosyntec Consultants*
  • Elizabeth Rhine, Geosyntec Consultants*
  • Stephen Richardson, GSI Environmental Inc.
  • James Romer, EPRI
  • Chapman Ross, Geosyntec Consultants*
  • Michael Sabulis, GEI Consultants, Inc.
  • Venus Sadeghi, AECOM*
  • Matthew Schnobrich, Arcadis*
  • Elizabeth Schwartz, TRC
  • Ed Seger, Chemours Company*
  • Mike Sieczkowski, JRW Bioremediation, L.L.C.*
  • John Sohl, Columbia Technologies
  • Tree Sorrells, Alpine Remediation*
  • Leslie Steele, Kleinfelder*
  • James Studer, InfraSUR LLC*
  • Seema Turner, Ramboll*
  • Edward (Ted) Tyler, Kleinfelder
  • Dimitri Vlassopoulos, Anchor QEA, LLC*
  • Amy Wilson, TRC*
  • Gary Zimmerman, Golder Associates, Ltd.

The Team recognizes the efforts and valuable contributions of the following federal personnel:

  • Dave Becker, US Army Corps of Engineers*
  • Jayne-Anne Bond, Air Force
  • Anna Butler, USACE*
  • Carol Eddy-Dilek, Savannah River National Laboratory
  • Linda Fiedler, USEPA OSRTI*
  • Cindy Frickle, USEPA OLEM/OSRTI/TIFSD*
  • Mark Rodriguez, AFCEC/CZTE*
  • Jennifer Segura, NAVFAC EXWC Alex Teimouri, US DOE-EM-12 S. DOE
  • Keith Thomsen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
  • Tom Walker, Office of Underground Storage Tanks

* The team also recognizes the outstanding efforts of the (*) individuals as authors and contributors to the text and organization of the guidance.

Many others offered advice, suggestions, reviews and edits. The entire team member list can be seen in Appendix?

Thanks to Steve R. Hill, RegTech, Inc. for his full support of the project and team from Team Development to completion of the Guidance and Training.

As part of the broader ITRC effort, the Optimizing Injection Strategies and In Situ Remediation Performance Team effort is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the ITRC Industry Affiliates Program.

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