• Skip to main content
itrc_logo

Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance

Home
About ITRC
Navigating this Website
1 Introduction
1 Introduction Overview
1.1 The Problem and the Need for Optimization
1.2 Intended Audience
1.3 Approaches to Optimizing an In Situ Remedy
1.4 Document Organization
2 Remedial Design Characterization
2 Remedial Design Characterization Overview
2.1 Cost Benefits of RDC
2.2 Characterization Parameters for Refining the CSM
2.3 RDC Considerations
3 Amendment, Dose, and Delivery Design
3 Amendment, Dose, and Delivery Design Overview
3.1 The Design Wheel and Optimization Process
3.2 Design Considerations
3.3 Design Support Elements
3.4 Amendment Selection Considerations
3.5 Amendment Dose Requirements
3.6 Amendment Delivery Optimization
3.7 Delivery Layout Design and Volume per Location
3.8 Delivery Strategies
4 Implementation and Feedback (Monitoring) Optimization
4 Implementation and Feedback (Monitoring) Optimization Overview
4.1 Pre-implementation Considerations
4.2 Adaptive Implementation and Feedback Optimization
4.3 Implementation and Optimization Staircase
4.4 Monitoring
4.5 Implementation Optimization
4.6 Transition and Contingency Planning
5 Regulatory Perspectives
5 Regulatory Perspectives Overview
5.1 Statutory Challenges
5.2 Traditional CERCLA Site Cleanup Process
6 Community and Tribal Stakeholder Considerations
6 Community and Tribal Stakeholder Considerations Overview
6.1 Background
6.2 Identifying Stakeholders
6.3 Stakeholder Concerns
6.4 Approach to Stakeholder Engagement
6.5 Communications
Additional Information
Appendix A. Amendments and Other Additives
Appendix A. Amendments and Other Additives Overview
A1 Common Biotic Amendments
A2 Abiotic Amendments
A3 Other additives
Appendix B. Commonly Encountered Issues with In situ Remediation
Appendix C. Characterization Parameters for In situ Treatment Remedies–Definitions and Descriptors for Table 2-2
Appendix C. Characterization Parameters for In situ Treatment Remedies–Definitions and Descriptors for Table 2-2 Overview
Physical Properties
Transport Properties
Aqueous Geochemistry
Degradation Potential
Appendix D. Injection Fact Sheets
Appendix D. Injection Fact Sheets Overview
D1 Direct Push Delivery Methods
D2 Injection Through Wells & Boreholes
D3 Electrokinetics Delivery Methods
D4 Solid Injection Principles
D5 Hydraulic Fracturing–Based Delivery Methods
D6 Pneumatic Fracturing–Based Delivery Methods
D7 Permeable Reactive Barrier Construction
Appendix E. Case Studies
Appendix E. Case Studies Overview
E-1. In Situ Biological and Chemical Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium and Perchlorate
E-2. Strontium-90 Apatite Permeable Reactive Barrier
E-3. Rapid Site Closure of a Large Gas Plant Using In Situ Bioremediation Technology in Low Permeability Soil and Fractured Rock
E-4. Performance of Injected Powdered and Liquid Activated Carbon at a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Site
E-5. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory—Annual Groundwater Report
E-6. Oxidant Surface Eruption During Direct Push Injection
E-7. TerraVac Under EPA’s Demonstration Program Conducted SVE in the Source Area
E-8. Unusual Dichloroethylene Isomerizations and External Nitrate Input to Help Decipher in Situ Pilot Test Outcomes
E-9. In Situ Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction at the Former Beaches Laundry & Cleaners
E-10. LNAPL Remediation Combining Mobile Dual Phase Extraction with Concurrent Injection of a Carbon-Based Amendment: Little Mountain Test Facility
E-11. Eastern Surplus Company Superfund Site, Southern Plume: Meddybemps
E-12. Hollingsworth Solderless
E-13. Former Industrial Site Characterization and Remediation in Fractured Rock
E-14. Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Site 11
Appendix F. Performance Evaluation & Optimization of In situ Remediation using Amendment Delivery
Appendix G. Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance
Glossary
References
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance
HOME

References

Allaire, S. E., J.A. Lafond;, A. R. Cabral, S. E. Lang. 2008. “Measurement of Gas Diffusion through Soils: Comparison of Laboratory Methods.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring 10:1326 – 1336. doi: 10.1039/B809461F.

Alleman, B., K. Glover, J. Wolfe. 2018. “Lessons Learned Applying Multiple Remediation Technologiers and Air Force Plan 4.” Presentation at FRTR Annual Meeting, Reston Virginia, May 9th 2018.

Atlas, R. M. 1981. “Mocrobial Degradatioin of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: and Environmental Perspective.” Microbial Review 45:180 – 209.

Atlas, R. M. and R. Bartha. 1992. “Hydrocarbon Biodegradation and Oil Spill Bioremediation.” Advanced Microbial Ecology 12:287 – 338.

Bamforth, S. M. amd I. Singleton. 2005. “Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.” Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnolog 80:723 – 736.

Bechtel. 1999. “Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Site 11, Old Camden County Landfill U.S. Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia.” Prepared for Department of the Navy, Southern Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command June 1999.

Burnell, S., Spitzinger J, Jin P, Erickson J, Hauber E, and Nelson D. 2013. “Control of Biofouling: Lessons Learned From a Decade of Carbon Injection System Operation and Maintenance. .” Remediation Winter 2013, 23 (2):85-101.

CCVRWQCB. 2015. “Waste Discharge Requirements General Order for In-Situ Groundwater Remediation and discharge of Treated Groundwater to Land.” California Regional Water Quality Control Board Order No. R5-2015-0012.

Chamberlain, W. B. . 2003. “Bionutrient Modeling for Design on In situ Bioremediation.” Pollution Engineering April 2003:28 – 33.

Chang, H. L. and L. Alvarez-Cohen. 1996. “Biodegradation of individual and multiple chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by methane-oxidizing cultures.” Applied Environmental Microbiology 62 (9):3371-3377.

Clayton, W.S. . 2007. “Engineering delivery of soluble amendments.” SERDP Symposium, Washington, D.C., December 4-6, 2007.

Clayton, W.S. . 2008. “In situ Chemical Oxidation (Basics, Theory, Design and Application)”. California DTSC Remediation Technology Symposium, Sacramento, C.A., May 14-16, 2008.

Cusack, F., S. Singh, C. McCarthy, and J. Grieco. 1992. “Enhanced Oil Recovery – Three-dimensional Sandpack Simulation of Ultramicrobacteria Resuscitation in Reservoir Formation.” Journal of General Microbiology 138 (3):647-655.

DeFlaun, M. F., S. R. Oppenheimer, S. Streger, C. W. Condee, and M. Fletcher. 1999. “Alterations in adhesion, transport, and membrane polymers in an adhesion-deficient Pseudomonad.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65:759-765.

Dresel, P. Evan, Dawn M. Wellman, Kirk J. Cantrell, and Michael J. Truex. 2011. “Review: Technical and Policy Challenges in Deep Vadose Zone Remediation of Metals and Radionuclides.” Environmental Science & Technology 45 (10):4207-4216. doi: 10.1021/es101211t.

ESTCP. 2005a. “Bioaugmentation for Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents.” Department of Defense (DOD) Environmental Security Technology Certification Program Technology Development, Status, and Research Needs.” October 2005.

ESTCP. 2005b. “A Review of Biofouling Controls for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater. October.” Department of Defense Environmental Security Technology Certification Program

ESTCP. 2010a. “In Situ Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent Plumes.” SERDP/ESTCP, Springer Science + Business Media, New York, 2010:374.

ESTCP. 2010b. “Loading Rates and Impacts of Substrate Delivery for Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation.” ESTCP Final Report for Project ER-0627.

ESTCP. 2011a. “Decisioin and Management Tools for DNAPL Sites: Optimization of Chlorinated Solvent Source and Plume Remediatio Considering Uncertainty.” (ESTCP ER-200704).

ESTCP. 2011b. “Diagnostic Tools for Performance Evaluation of Innovative In Situ Remediation Technologies at Chlorinated Solvent Sites.” ESTCP Project ER-200318.

ESTCP. 2016. “Development of an Expanded, High-Reliability and Performance Database for In Situ Remediaion Technologies.” ESTCP Project ER-201120:93.

Evans, P., J. Hooper, M. Lamar, D. Nguyen, P. Dugan, M. Crimi, N. Ruiz. 2018. “Sustained In situ Chemical oxidation (ISCO) of 1,4 Dioxane and Chlorinated VOCs Using Slow-release Chemical Oxidant Cylinders.” ESTCO Project ER-201324:576.

Fathepure, B. Z. . 1987. “Anaerobic bacteria that dechlorinate perhloroethene.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53 (11):2671-2674.

Fowler, T., B. Thompson, and J. Mueller. 2011. “Acetone and 2-butanone creation associated with biological and chemical remediation of environmental contamination.” Remediation 22 (Winter). doi: 10.1002/rem.21296.

Harkness, M., A. Fisher, M. D. Lee, E. E. Mack, J. A. Payne, S. Dworatzek, J. Roberts, C. Acheson, R. Herrmann, and A. Possolo. 2012. “Use of statistical tools to evaluate the reductive dechlorination of high levels of TCE in microcosm studies.” Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 131 (1-4):100 -118.

Harkness, M., P. Freyer, L Reusser. Unpublished Paper.

He, J., V. F. Holmes, P. K. H. Lee, and L. Alvarez-Cohen. 2007. “Influence of Vitamin B12 and cocultures on the growth of Dehalococcoides isolates in defined medium.” Applied Environmental Microbiology 73 (9):2847 – 2853.

Heald, S, and Jenkins, R.O. 1994. “Trichloroethylene removal and oxidation toxicity mediated by toluene dioxygenase of Pseudomonas putida.” Appl Environ Microbiol 60:4634-4637.

ITRC. 2002a. “DNAPL Source reduction: Facing the Challenge.” Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council.

ITRC. 2002b. “A systematic Approach to In Situ bioremediationi in Groundwater, Including Decisioin Trees on In Situ Bioremediation for Nitrates, Carbon Tetrachloride and Perchlorate.” Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, ISB-8.

ITRC. 2003. “Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Surfactant / Cosolvent Flushing of DNAPL Source Zones.” Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council, Washington DC, ITRC DNAPLs-3.

ITRC. 2004. “Remediationi Process Optimization Iddentifying Opportunities for Enhanced and More Efficient Site Remediatin.” Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council.

ITRC. 2005. “Technical and Regulatory Gudance for In situ Chemical Oxidation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater, Second Edition ” Interstate Technoloogy and Regulatory Council.

ITRC. 2007. “Improving Environmental Site Remediatin through perfroamnce-based Environmental Management.” RPO.

ITRC. 2008a. “Enhanced Attenuation: Chlorinated Organics EACO-1.” Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council Washington D.C. (EACO-1).

ITRC. 2008b. “In situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene: DNAPL Source Zones.” Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, Bioremediation of DNAPLs Team.

ITRC. 2010. “Use and Measurement of Mass Flux and Mass Discharge.” Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, Integrated DNAPL Site Strategy Team (MASSFLUX-1).

ITRC. 2011. “Permeable Reactive Barrier: Technology Update.” Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, PRB: PRB-5.

ITRC. 2011a. “Biofuels, Release Prevention, Environmental Behavior, and Remediation.” Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council, Washington D.C.

ITRC. 2011b. Environmental Molecular Diagnostics Fact Sheets. EMD-1. Washington, D.C.: interstate Technology and Regualtory Council.

ITRC. 2011c. “Integrated DNAPL Site Strategy.” Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, Integrated DNAPL Site Strategy Team. (IDSS-1. ).

ITRC. 2011d. “Project Risk Management for Site Remediation.” Interstate TEchnology and Regulatory Council RRM-1.

ITRC. 2013a. “Environmental Molecular Diagnostics, New Site Characterization and Remediation Enhancement Tools.” Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, Environmental Molecular Diagnostics Team (EMD-2).

ITRC. 2013b. “Groundwater Statistics and Monitoring Compliance Website.” Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council.

ITRC. 2015. “Integrated DNAPL Site Characterization and Tools Selection (ISC-1).” Washington D.C.: Interstate Technology and Regualtory Council, DNAPL Site Characterization Team.

ITRC. 2016. “Geospatial Analysis for Optimization at Environmental Sites.” Interstate Technology and Regualtory Council.

ITRC. 2017a. “Characterization and Remediation of Fractured Rock.” Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council, Washington D.C. FracRx-1.

ITRC. 2017b. “Remediation Managment of Complex Sites.” Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council RMCS-1.

ITRC. 2018. “LNAPL Site Management: LCSM Evolution, Decision Process, and Remedial Technologies.” Intersatate Technologies and Regulatory Council

ITRC. 2019. “Implementing Advanced Site Characterization Tools.” Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, ASCT: ASCT-1.

Johnson, C.D., and M. J. Truex. 2006. “rtFlux: RT3D Flux Plane Utility.”

Krembs, F.J. and W.S. Clayton. 2010. “ISCO design best practices as demonstrated by past case study data.” The Seventh International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, California, May 24-27, 2010.

LARWQB, Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board. 2008. “Technical Reposrt: Subsurface injection of In itu Remedial Reagents (ISRRS) within the Los Angeles Regional Water Quaity Control Board Jurisdiction.”46.

Lebron, Carmen. 2011. “Development and Validation of a Quantitative Framework and Management Expectation Tool for the Selection of Bioremediation Approaches at Chlorinated Solvent Sites.” SERDP – ESTCP ER-201129.

Little, C. D., A. V. Palumbo, S. E. Herbes, M. E. Lidstrom, R. L. Tyndall, and P. J. Gilmer. 1988. “Trichloroethylene biodegradation by a methane-oxidizing bacterium.” Applied Environmental Microbiology 54 (4):951-956.

Maillacheruvu, K. Y. and G. F. Parkin. 1996. “Kinetics of Growth, Substrate Utilization, and Sulfide Toxicity for Propionate, Acetate, and Hydrogen Utilizers in Anaerobic Systems.” Water Environmental Research 1996 (68).

Munakata-Marr, J., P. L. McCarty, M. S. Shields, M. Reagin, and S. C. Francesconi. . 1996a. “Enhancement of trichloroethylene degradation in aquifer microcosm bioaugmented with wild type and genetically altered Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia G4 and PR1.” Environmental Science and Technology 30 (6):2045-2062.

Munakata-Marr, J., P.L.McCarty,M.S. Shields, M. Reagin, S.C. Francesconi. 1996b. “Enhancement of trichloroethylene degradation in aquifer microcosms bioaugmented with wild type and genetically altered Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia G4 and PR1.” Environmental Science and Technology.

NAVFAC. 2013a. “Best Practices for Injection and Distribution of Amendments.” Battelle Memorial Institute and NAVFAC Alternative Restoration Technology Team. March 2013 Technical Report (TR-NAVFAC-EXWC-EV-1303).

NAVFAC. 2013b. “Sampling and Analysis Plan for Groundwater Sample and Analysis Monitoring Plan At Site 11, Old Camden County Landfill – Naval submarine Base Kings Bay, Kings bay, Georgia ” N42237 .AR.001228,NSB KINGS BAY 5090.3A.

NAVFAC. 2015. “Biogeochemmical Transformation Handbook.” Engineering and Expeditionary Warfare Center, Technical Report TR-NAVFAC EXWC-EV-1601.

NAVFAC. 2018. “Advances in the State of the Practice for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediatioin.” Technical Report TR-NAVFAC EXWC-EV-1806.

Neilsen, D.M. 1991. “Practical Handbook for Groundwater Monitoring.”728.

NFCSC. 2002. “Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) Design Manual.” NFESC Technical Report TR-2206-ENV.

NIOSH. 2006. “Handbook for Methane Control in Mining.” Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control IC 9486 Information (IC 9486 Information Circular/2006.).

NJDEP. 2017. “In Situ Remediation: Design Considerations and Performance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document.” NJDEP Site Remediation and Waste Management Program, October 2017. New Jersey Departmenet of Environmental Protection, Site Remediation and Waste Managment Program (Versioin 1.0).

Oldenhuis, R., Vink, R.L.M., Janssen, D.B., and Witholt, B. 1989. “Degradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b expressing soluble methane monooxygenase.” Appl Environ Microbiol 55:2819-2826.

Parker, J., K. Ungtac, P. kitanids, M. Cardiff, L. Xiaoyi, and L. Jonghyum 2011. “Practical Cost-Optimizatiion of Characterization and Remediation at DNAPL Sites with Consideratiin of Predicition Uncertaintly.” (SERDP Project ER-1611).

PERF. 2013. “Performance evaluation of in situ chemical oxidation of petroleum impacts in soil and groundwater.” Petroleum Environmental Research Forum (PERF) Project 2009-01.

Perolo, L. W. . 2010. “In Situ Bioremediatioin of Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Sediments – A Review.” Journal of Hazardous Material 177:81 – 89.

PNNL. 2015. “Performance Assessment for Pump and Treat Closure or Transition.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Provectus Environmental Products, Inc. “Provect-CH4™ Methane Inhibitor / ERD and ISCR Supplement.” Illinois, Freeport, 17 July 2014.

Rouse, J. D., D. A. Sabatini, R. E. Brown, J. H. Harwell. 1996. “Evaluation of Ethoxylated Alkylsulfate Surfactants for Use in Subsurface Remediation.” Water Environmental Research Foundation, February 6 2014 68:162 – 168.

Ryoo, D.; Shim, H. Canada, K. Barbieri, and P Wood 2000. “Aerobic degradation of Tetrachloroethylene by toluene-o-xylene mkonooxygenase of Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1.” Nat Biotechnol 18:775-778.

Sander, R. 1999. “Modeling Atmospheric Chemistry: Interactions between Gas-Phase Species and Liquid Cloud/Aerosol Particles.” Surveys in Geophysics (20(1)):1-31.

Sayler, G. S. and S. Ripp. 2000. “Field applications of genetically engineered microoranisms for bioremediaton processes.” Current Opinion in Biotechnology 11:286 – 289.

Schechter., Bourrel M. and R. S. 1988. “Microemulsions and Related Systems: Formulation, Solvency, and Physical Properties ” Surfactant Science Series, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel, 1988. 30.

Schink, B. . 1997. “Energetics of Syntrophic Cooperation in Methanogenic Degradation.” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 61(2):262-280.

Semprini, L., G.D. Hopkins. P.L. McCarty, and P.V. Roberts. 1992. “In situ Transformation of Carbon Tetrachloride and other Halogenated Compounds Resulting from Biostimulation Under Anoxic Conditions.” Environmental Science and Technology.

SERDP. 2006a. “In Situ Chemical Oxidation for Groundwater Remediation – Technology Practices Manual.” SERDP – ESTCP ER-200623.

SERDP. 2006b. “In Situ Chemical Oxidation for Groundwater Remediation – Technology Practices Manual.” SERDP – ESTCP.

SERDP. 2006c. “Loading Rates and Impacts of Substrate Delivery for Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation.” SERDP – ESTCP.

Shook, G.M.; S.L. Ansley and A. Wylie. 2004. “Tracers and Tracer Testting: Design, Implementation and inmterpretatin Methods.” INEEL/EXT-03-01466.

Siegrist, R.L., M.A. Urynowicz, O.R. West, M.L. Crimi, and K.S. Lowe. 2001. “Principles and Practices of In Situ Chemical Oxidation Using Permanganate.” Battelle Memorial Press, Columbus, Ohio, :348.

Suthersan, S.S., C. Divine, E. Cohen, K. Heinze. 2014. “Tracer testing: recommended best practice for design and optimization of in situ remediation systems.” Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation 34 (3):33-40.

Suthersan, S. J. McDonough, M. Schnobrich, C. Devine. 2017. “In situ chemical treatment: a love-hate relationship.” Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 37 (1):17-26.

TerraSystems. Unpublished Report. “Case Study of pH Adjustment at a New Jersey Remediation Site.”

Turgeon, Magalie, and Karine Drouin. “Fact Sheet: Bioaugmentation – in Situ.” Government of Canada, March 7, 2019. https://gost.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/tfs.aspx?id=3&lang=eng.

USACE. 2000. “SEAM3D: A Numerical Model for Three Dimensional Solute Transport and Sequestration Electron Acceptor-Based Bioremediation in Groundwater.” US Army Corp of Engineers, Engineering Research and Development Center November 2000.

USACE. 2003. “Rehabilitation of Injection and Extraction Wells.” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

USEPA. 1997. “BIOSCREEN, Natural Attenuation Decision Support System.” Water Research.

USEPA. 1998. “Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water ” (EPA/600/R-98?128).

USEPA. 2000. “Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field Applications.” EPA 542-R-00-008.

USEPA. 2001. “Use of Bioremediation at Superfund Sites.” (EPA 542-R-01-019ITRC ).

USEPA. 2004. “Performance Monitoring of Remedies for VOCs in Groundwater.” (EPA/600/R-04/027).

USEPA. 2006a. “Guidance on Systematic Planning Using Data Quality Objectives Process ” (EPA/240/B-001 ).

USEPA. 2006b. “In Situ and Ex Situ Biodegradation Technologies for Remediation of Contaminated Sites.” EPA 625-R-06-015. Engineering Issue.

USEPA. 2007. “Remediation Evaluation Model for Chlorinated Solvents (REMChlor).” USEPA Water REsearch.

USEPA. 2008. “A Guide for Assessing Biodegradation and Source Identification of Organic Ground Water Contaminants Using Compound Specific Isotope Analysis.” EPA 600-R—08/148.

USEPA. 2011a. “An Approach for Evaluatiing the Progress of Natural Attenuation in Groundwater.” EPA 600/R-11/204.

USEPA. 2011b. “Environmental Cleanup Best Management Practices: Effective Use of the Project Life cycle Conceptual Site Model “.

USEPA. 2012a. “A Citizen’s Guide to In Situ Chemical Reduction.” Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response EPA 542-F-12-012.

USEPA. 2012b. “Groundwater Sample Preservation at In-situ Chemical Oxidation Sites – Recommended Guidelines.” EPA/600/R-12/049.

USEPA. 2013. “Lessons from Greening America’s Capitals Projects: Five Helpful Hints for Communities Wanting to be Greener.” EPA-231-F-12-001.

USEPA. 2016. “Pilot-scale Demonstration of In Situ Chemical Oxidation Involving Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds: Design Deployment Guidelines.” EPA 600-R-16-383.

USEPA. 2017a. “Best Practice for Environmental Site Managment: A Practical Guide for Applying Environmental Sequence Stratigraphy to Improve Conceptual Site Models.” EPA /600/R-17/293.

USEPA. 2017b. “Superfund Optimization Progress Report 2011 – 2015.” EPA-542-R-17-002.

USEPA. 2018a. “Examples of Groundwater Remediatioin at NPL Sites.” EPA-542-R-18-002.

USEPA. 2018b. “In Situ Treatment Performance Monitoring: Issues and Best Practices.” Groundwater Forum Issue Paper EPA-542-F-18-002:15.

USEPA. 2018c. “Remedial Technology Fact Sheet – Activated Carbon-Based Technology for In Situ Remediation.”

USGS. 2009. “Monitoring the Efficiency of Natural Attenuation at the Old Camden County Landfill, Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base.” US Geological Survey October 2009.

Waybrant, K., Carol Ptacek, and D. W. Blowes. 2002. Treatment of Mine Drainage Using Permeable Reactive Barriers: Column Experiments. Vol. 36.

West, C. C. and J.H. Harwell. 1992. “Surfactants and Subsurface Remediation.” Environmental Science and Technology 26:2324-2330.

Wiedemeier, T. W., H. S. Rifai, C. J. Newell, and J. W. Wilson. 1999. “Natural Attenuation of Fuels and Chlorinated Solvents.” New York: Wiley.

Wiedemeier, Todd, J. Wilson, D. Freedman, & B., Lee. 2017. “Providing Additional Support for MNA by Including Quantitative Lines of Evidence for Abiotic Degradation and Co-metabolic Oxidation of Chlorinated Ethylenes.” Technical Report ER-201584.

Wilson, J. T. and B. H. Wilson. 1985. “Biotransformation of trichloroethylene in soil.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49:242-243.

Yongtian, H., C. Su, J. T. Wilson, R. T. Wilkin, C. J. Adair, T. R. Lee, P. Bradley, And M. Ferrey. 2010. “Identification and Characterization Methods for Reactive Minerals Responsible for Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Organic Compounds in Ground Water.” (EPA/600/R-09/115, 2010.).

Zheng, C. 2010. “MT3DMS 5.3 Supplimental Users Gude.” Technical Report to the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center: Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, 5.3:220 p.

Zheng, C., and Wang, P., . 1999. “A modular three-dimensional multispecies transport model for simulation of advection, dispersion, and chemical reactions of contaminants in groundwater systems; Documentation and user’s guide: .” Contract Report SERDP-99-1: Vicksburg, Miss., U. S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center.:169.

 

 

image_pdfPrint this page/section
Click here to download the entire document.

glossary

OIS-ISRP

Download Complete Document
glossaryOIS-ISRP-1
Glossary
referencesOIS-ISRP-1
References
acronymsOIS-ISRP-1
Acronyms

ITRC
Contact Us
About ITRC
Visit ITRC
social media iconsClick here to visit ITRC on FacebookClick here to visit ITRC on TwitterClick here to visit ITRC on LinkedInITRC on Social Media
Permission is granted to refer to or quote from this publication with the customary acknowledgment of the source (see suggested citation and disclaimer). This web site is owned by ITRC • 1250 H Street, NW • Suite 850 • Washington, DC 20005 • (202) 266-4933 • Email: [email protected] • Terms of Service, Privacy Policy, and Usage Policy ITRC is sponsored by the Environmental Council of the States.