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Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance

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1 Introduction
1 Introduction Overview
1.1 The Problem and the Need for Optimization
1.2 Intended Audience
1.3 Approaches to Optimizing an In Situ Remedy
1.4 Document Organization
2 Remedial Design Characterization
2 Remedial Design Characterization Overview
2.1 Cost Benefits of RDC
2.2 Characterization Parameters for Refining the CSM
2.3 RDC Considerations
3 Amendment, Dose, and Delivery Design
3 Amendment, Dose, and Delivery Design Overview
3.1 The Design Wheel and Optimization Process
3.2 Design Considerations
3.3 Design Support Elements
3.4 Amendment Selection Considerations
3.5 Amendment Dose Requirements
3.6 Amendment Delivery Optimization
3.7 Delivery Layout Design and Volume per Location
3.8 Delivery Strategies
4 Implementation and Feedback (Monitoring) Optimization
4 Implementation and Feedback (Monitoring) Optimization Overview
4.1 Pre-implementation Considerations
4.2 Adaptive Implementation and Feedback Optimization
4.3 Implementation and Optimization Staircase
4.4 Monitoring
4.5 Implementation Optimization
4.6 Transition and Contingency Planning
5 Regulatory Perspectives
5 Regulatory Perspectives Overview
5.1 Statutory Challenges
5.2 Traditional CERCLA Site Cleanup Process
6 Community and Tribal Stakeholder Considerations
6 Community and Tribal Stakeholder Considerations Overview
6.1 Background
6.2 Identifying Stakeholders
6.3 Stakeholder Concerns
6.4 Approach to Stakeholder Engagement
6.5 Communications
Additional Information
Appendix A. Amendments and Other Additives
Appendix A. Amendments and Other Additives Overview
A1 Common Biotic Amendments
A2 Abiotic Amendments
A3 Other additives
Appendix B. Commonly Encountered Issues with In situ Remediation
Appendix C. Characterization Parameters for In situ Treatment Remedies–Definitions and Descriptors for Table 2-2
Appendix C. Characterization Parameters for In situ Treatment Remedies–Definitions and Descriptors for Table 2-2 Overview
Physical Properties
Transport Properties
Aqueous Geochemistry
Degradation Potential
Appendix D. Injection Fact Sheets
Appendix D. Injection Fact Sheets Overview
D1 Direct Push Delivery Methods
D2 Injection Through Wells & Boreholes
D3 Electrokinetics Delivery Methods
D4 Solid Injection Principles
D5 Hydraulic Fracturing–Based Delivery Methods
D6 Pneumatic Fracturing–Based Delivery Methods
D7 Permeable Reactive Barrier Construction
Appendix E. Case Studies
Appendix E. Case Studies Overview
E-1. In Situ Biological and Chemical Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium and Perchlorate
E-2. Strontium-90 Apatite Permeable Reactive Barrier
E-3. Rapid Site Closure of a Large Gas Plant Using In Situ Bioremediation Technology in Low Permeability Soil and Fractured Rock
E-4. Performance of Injected Powdered and Liquid Activated Carbon at a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Site
E-5. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory—Annual Groundwater Report
E-6. Oxidant Surface Eruption During Direct Push Injection
E-7. TerraVac Under EPA’s Demonstration Program Conducted SVE in the Source Area
E-8. Unusual Dichloroethylene Isomerizations and External Nitrate Input to Help Decipher in Situ Pilot Test Outcomes
E-9. In Situ Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction at the Former Beaches Laundry & Cleaners
E-10. LNAPL Remediation Combining Mobile Dual Phase Extraction with Concurrent Injection of a Carbon-Based Amendment: Little Mountain Test Facility
E-11. Eastern Surplus Company Superfund Site, Southern Plume: Meddybemps
E-12. Hollingsworth Solderless
E-13. Former Industrial Site Characterization and Remediation in Fractured Rock
E-14. Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Site 11
Appendix F. Performance Evaluation & Optimization of In situ Remediation using Amendment Delivery
Appendix G. Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance
Glossary
References
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
Document Feedback

 

Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance
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Glossary

A

amendment (combination of reagents), or: The term amendment can refer to chemical compounds, natural or chemical additives, and/or commercially branded remediation products used for the purpose of achieving remediation goals and objectives.

B

Background demand of oxidant – is defined as reduced minerals (i.e. ferrous iron, manganous manganese), naturally occurring organic material, and/or other non-targeted, but organic contaminants that are present in the subsurface and will readily react with the added oxidant thereby consuming it.

E

emplacement – modify the subsurface permeability by pressurized application of a slurry.

I

injectate (that which has or will be emplaced including non-active ingredients/reagents such as carrier water and tracer)

injection – deliver a soluble amendment through pore space

P

Performance Indicator – A performance indicator is a measurable or calculable feature of a remedial system or process that provides direct interpretive value to (1) remedial mechanisms or processes or (2) achievement of a remedial objective. A performance indicator should be defined in terms of the technology being used, targeted media, receptor location, and expected response of the subsurface to treatment by the technology. Typically and historically, a performance indicator is the contaminant concentration; however, other performance indicators may provide information regarding the mechanisms responsible for decreases in contaminant concentration (e.g., percent of groundwater plume capture to demonstrate plume containment, mass flux to demonstrate source control, NAPL depletion rate, biodegradation rate).

Performance Metric – A metric is a unit of measure; therefore, a performance metric is the unit of measure for a performance indicator.

Performance Model – A performance model is a predictive model that describes the expected course of the remediation process. It describes graphically and/or numerically how conditions are expected to change over time, as measured using appropriate performance indicators, from the current state until the performance objective is achieved. At many sites and for many remedial systems, no single performance model, indicator, and metric is likely to be adequate for assessing remedial performance; thus, conjunctive use of multiple metrics may be needed to evaluate performance.

R

Reagent (individual active ingredient)

Remedial System Performance Objective – Performance objectives include specific measures used to determine whether or not the remedial action is successful in achieving site-related remedial goals or interim remedial milestones. Remedial performance objectives typically are site and technology specific, and based on the site-related remedial goals. They also vary depending on the type of contaminant being remediated (e.g., chlorinated volatile organics, petroleum hydrocarbons, metals, PCBs). When developing remedial system performance objectives, the practitioner should consider how the data will be used to evaluate progress, guide optimization, and demonstrate achievement of site remedial goals.

S

A secondary water quality impact is a change in the water chemistry caused by the added amendment which was not intended or designed for which creates a potential (and likely temporary) deterioration in water quality with respect to human and ecology health considerations or the objectives of the remedial treatment regime.

T

Target demand – The amount of amendment required to destroy the target contaminant.

W

Whip Checks act to control whipping in the event of a failure. Spring-loaded loops in the cable ends open easily to pass over the couplings, for a firm grip on the hose.

Glossary Lookup List

AJAX progress indicator
  • Alkalinity
  • amendment
  • Anions, cations
  • Anisotropic Orientation
  • Arsenate (As
  • Arsenite (As
  • background demand
  • Bulk Density
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Chloride (Cl
  • Chromium
  • Chromium (Cr
  • COD (chemical oxygen demand)
  • Conductivity, Salinity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
  • CSIA
  • Degree of Heterogeneity
  • Degree of Weathering of Geologic Formation
  • Dissolved Hydrocarbon Gases
  • Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
  • Effective Porosity
  • emplacement
  • Ferric Iron (Fe
  • Ferrous Iron (Fe
  • Flow Regime
  • Fraction of Organic Carbon
  • Fracture Connectivity/Rock Quality Designation
  • Fracture Orientation
  • Fracture Representative Aperture and Length
  • Grain Size Distribution
  • Groundwater Occurrence and Variability
  • Hydraulic Conductivity
  • injectate
  • injection
  • Magnetic Susceptibility
  • Manganese Manganic (Mn
  • Manganese Manganous (Mn
  • Nitrate (NO
  • Nitrite (NO
  • NOI (natural oxidant interaction)
  • Other Heavy Metals
  • Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP)
  • Performance Indicator
  • performance indicator
  • Performance Metric
  • performance metric
  • Performance Model
  • performance model
  • pH
  • PLFA
  • Primary and Secondary Porosity
  • Provenance and Mineralogy
  • qPCR
  • reagent
  • Remedial System Performance Objective
  • remedial system performance objective
  • secondary water quality impact
  • SOD (soil oxidant demand)
  • Stable Isotope Probing
  • Stratigraphy
  • Sulfate (SO
  • Sulfide (S
  • Sulfite (SO
  • target demand
  • Temperature
  • TOC (total organic carbon)
  • TOD (total oxidant demand)
  • Velocity/Flux
  • Whip Checks
  • whip checks

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